manzia
Necromancy
Necromancy, from the Greek nekros "dead" and manteia "divination", is the magical practice of questioning the dead to obtain information about the future or hidden matters. It is documented in many ancient cultures (Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, the medieval Christian world) and typically associated with nocturnal rituals and liminal places (cemeteries, crossroads).
Ancient and medieval tradition
In the Old Testament (1 Samuel 28) King Saul consults the "witch of Endor" who evokes the spirit of the prophet Samuel. In the Odyssey, Ulysses summons Tiresias in the realm of the dead. In the medieval world, necromancy was considered black magic par excellence, severely persecuted by the Inquisition. It was also practised by some clerics and scholars (the so-called "clerical magic").
Contemporary position
Today the term is used as a generic synonym for "dark magic" rather than to indicate a codified practice. In technical terms, traditional necromancy requires complex rituals described in grimoires. Spiritism and mediumship are modern related practices but with a different philosophical framework (consoling rather than operative).
FAQ
Is it legal?
In Italy there is no offence of "necromancy". However, fraud and abuse of popular credulity are punishable.
Is it dangerous?
In magical terms, according to the esoteric traditions themselves, it is considered a risky practice. In practical terms, the associated frauds are the main real risk.
Difference with spiritism?
Traditional necromancy is operative magic with often dark aims. Modern spiritism (Kardec) presents itself as a benevolent dialogue with spirits to console and enlighten.